Functionalism Functionalism And Functionalism - 1100 Words

FUNCTIONALISM AND WEBERIANISM Functionalism has been focused on different parts of the societies ‘functioning’ to keep up social order and foundation. Emile Durkheim, Talcott Parsons and Robert Merton were the three main theorists of functionalism, where they studied to understand how different parts of society could connect and work towards promoting social steadiness and harmony. Parsons viewed health as an important part of foundation and building a better society where illness has stopped people from carrying out different tasks. On the other hand, Weberianism focused on acknowledging people surviving with social inequality and social conflicts. Max Weber and Marx were the most powerful theorists in sociology and their main concern was bureaucracy and social inequality. According to functionalist, Durkheim, sociology was not a study of a person or person’s behaviour it was for those individuals who built their social life towards religion and the economy. (Giddens2001). Therefore, through all of his work, Durkheim has argued against individuals approaching towards the social analysis by rejecting the impact of psychological issues of their social behaviour. His demand was that studying human beings was not possibly a benefit without studying the forces which could make and restrict them. As per Durkheim, the ethics of behaviour were taught by parents through generations where individuals do not learn on their own when born or after birth. Durkheim showed hisShow MoreRelatedFunctionalism And Functionalism Of Functionalism1837 Words   |  8 PagesA Functionalism is the theory that what makes something a mental state depends on its function or role in the cognitive system, instead of its internal constitution. To put it another way, function alism holds that mental states correspond to functional states. Functionalism is the offspring of both identity theory and behaviorism, and comes in a few different flavors. For example, there is machine functionalism, psycho-functionalism, analytic functionalism, role-functionalism and realizer-functionalismRead MoreFunctionalism And The Inverted Spectrum1545 Words   |  7 Pagesimportant challenge to functionalist accounts of qualia. Functionalism is committed to defining mental states in terms of their cause and effects . By identifying sensory events with casual roles, however, functionalism appears to be missing qualitative aspects all together. The topic of spectrum inversion has often been raised as a contradiction to functionalism, as well as other materialist theories about consciousness. These negates to functionalism show that even when all the relevant physical factsRead MoreEssay on Functionalism in Education1134 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Having attended public schools throughout my childhood and adolescence, I never was familiar with the term functionalism and its many elements. After observing and analyzing my field placement classroom I have come to understand the concept of functionalism to some extent. In general, functionalists â€Å"see schools as serving to socialize students to adapt to the economic, political, and social institutions of that society† (Feinberg, p.6, 2004). They also theorize that in order for societies toRead MoreFunctionalism Of Brazil : Cause Or Style?1623 Words   |  7 PagesFunctionalism in Brazil: cause or style? The premise form follows function was first used by Sullivan in the late nineteenth century and built by Modernist Architecture in Europe in the twentieth century. Reflecting specifically on the Brazilian case, functionalism was an aspect of tension throughout the process of assimilation and appropriation of Modernism as a national language in the twentieth century, because on one side could be an important tool for democratization of accessing to certainRead MoreStructural Functionalism And Functional Theory Essay1187 Words   |  5 PagesStructural Functionalism (SF) theory often referred to as Structural Function Theory or Functional Theory, no matter what name is used, the main context of the theory remains the same. There are many existent interpretations of the theory, however according to Smith and Hamon (2012) SF theory is based on two basic assumptions agreed by all: (a) â€Å"the functions of families is to procreate and socialize children† and (b) â€Å"all syste ms have functions† (p. 44). Additionally, they further elaborate on functionalRead MoreFunctionalism And Its Impact On Physical Body Essay1934 Words   |  8 Pageswith our physical body? Do they interact at all? Are they two separate entities or one in the same? Many theories try to answer these types of questions, but the one I will be focusing on is role functionalism. When mentioning functionalism throughout, I will be referring to role functionalism. Functionalism is a theory that says mental states can be defined by their function. So, we can identify mental states with their functional states. We can come to know the function of a mental state through examiningRead MoreStructural Functionalism And Its Impact On Society Essay911 Words   |  4 PagesStructural functionalism â€Å"is a macro-level theory that views a society as a complete unit† (Grand Canyon). Structural functionalism shows how society works together. It also brings out the individual roles, stri cter and functions that people in society have. In our book figure 2.1 displays a few examples. It has politics listed as the structure and their function is to maintain order and control. The world works with this theory because you need the ones in the structural positions to be able toRead MoreConflict Theory Vs. Structural Functionalism978 Words   |  4 PagesConflict Theory vs. Structural Functionalism, this is like a fight between conservative and liberal. Structural Functionalism is a sociological theory that focuses on the structures of society and their functional significance (positive and negative consequences) for other structures (Ritzer, 2013). In another word, Structural Functionalism focuses on hierarchy, high position in the society. The theory is based on the belief that a person who held a high position like doctor or lawyer should getRead MoreGeorge Peter Murdocks Theory Of Structural Functionalism953 Words   |  4 Pages In the theory of Structural Functionalism, one believes that society is made up of many parts which depend on each other to work and if one fails, all will fail. Imagine the body; each organ has a set function. If the heart stopped doing what it was supposed to be doing and tried to digest your food, what would happen? Functionalists consider family as an essential building block of society. This is an analogy to decide that if one part of society actually starts failing, the society dies. GeorgeRead MoreArtificial Intelligence Is The Dominant Theory1792 Words   |  8 Pagesbehavior, like a human (Business Dictionary). To back up artificial intelligence, there is functionalism. Hilary Putman developed functionalism in the 1970’s, which is still the dominant theory in todays’ society. Functionalism states that having a mind does not require a brain and mental states can be realized by other kinds of substances. Mental states are also defined by their functions. In othe r words, functionalism is where ones causes and effects define the views of their mental states. An example

Age Of Discovery Essay - 939 Words

What were the Effects of the Age of Discovery? nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The Age of Exploration was a time of struggle and wealth for many European countries. The pursuit of a trade route to the Far East led many countries across the ocean, looking for the great spice cities that were rumored by Marco Polo. These countries knew that whoever found the shortest or best route would become rich, very quickly. Explorers from many European countries embarked on journeys that not even they had any clue where they were going. This search for the Far East led to many discoveries that would otherwise have never been found. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Christopher Columbus may have been one of the most influential people ever to live. His†¦show more content†¦The world trade of the period increased to an unprecedented amount. There was new types of businesses, new goods to be sold, and most importantly, new land to conquer. The exchange of goods from the New World and Europe increased Europeamp;#8217;s wealth, but not only was there an exchange of goods, but also an exchange of disease. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The first effect of the Age of Exploration, was the finding of the New World. The New World provided opportunities for European countries to conquer new lands and to obtain wealth while conquering. After Columbus amp;#8220;found; the New World, there were European explorers embarking on new journeys there constantly. They would set up new colonies and conquer new lands. From these colonies, they set up trading posts back to their mother countries. Gold, fur, corn, potatoes, tobacco, chocolate, and many other products were brought back to Europe. The wealth from these products could only be imagined. The countries would then trade their imports to other countries and make a huge profit. This influx of money and goods led to the change of the economic systems in Europe. This change caused the Commercial Revolution, or the establishment of many types of new businesses. The Commercial Revolution was caused not only from the income of the trading of goods, but also the large amounts of gold an silver that were found and shipped back toShow MoreRelatedThe Age of Discovery Essay1227 Words   |  5 Pages The Age of Discovery which began in the 15th century was one of the ground breaking time periods for European global exploration to Africa and India, and which lead to the ascending of European power. While there were many prominent explorers during this era such as Christopher Columbus and Ferdinand Magellan, Vasco da Gama is widely seen as one of the most successful explorers of this time period. He not only found the first all ocean route from Europe to India but he also solidified Portugal asRead More The Lasting Effects of the Columbian Exchange During the Age of Di scovery1815 Words   |  8 PagesThe Lasting Effects of the Columbian Exchange During the Age of Discovery It should no longer come as any great surprise that Columbus was not the first to discover the Americas--Carthaginians, Vikings, and even St. Brendan may have set foot on the Western Hemisphere long before Columbus crossed the Atlantic. But none of these incidental contacts made the impact that Columbus did. Columbus and company were bound to bring more than the benefits of Christianity and double entry bookkeeping toRead MoreThe Transition Of Medieval And Modern Times1235 Words   |  5 Pagesover a long period of time. The middle ages marked a dark time in Europe’s history, and the people were anxious to get out. The Renaissance began, and art emerged to create a brighter society. During the Reformation, the country shifted away from the Roman Catholic Church, and many Protestant religions emerged. The Scientific Revolution also marked a change in medical to modern by creating new ways to look at the world and mathematics. The Age of Discovery marked yet another chang e in Medical toRead MoreThe Impact Of Maritime Technology On The Age Of Exploration1264 Words   |  6 PagesMaritime Technology’s Aid in the Age of Exploration The innovation of maritime technology has revolutionized travel throughout history. Prior to ships and sea travel, humans were separated by vast oceans and confined to their homeland for life. Because of these large boundaries, discoveries and inventions were only shared within land masses and trade as a whole was very limited. This uncharted, inaccessible territory caused a major separation of mankind. However, these oceans sparked curiosityRead MoreThe Consequences of the Age of Exploration Essay517 Words   |  3 PagesThe Age of Discovery, also known by others as the â€Å"Age of Exploration†, was a period starting in the 15th century, lasting for over 200 years, and was conceived by the pioneer Portuguese and Spanish explorers in their search for precious metals and very costly spices, such as saffron and cardamom. Although the expansion of knowledge about the world was a good intention, it ultimately turned out be have extremely severe consequences, which its effects are still being suffered to this day! First ofRead MorePositive Impact Of Christopher Columbus s Discoveries1247 Words   |  5 Pages Positive Impact of Christopher Columbus’s Discoveries The world is a better place because of Christopher Columbus’ important discoveries in the New World. His explorations resulted in the vast expansion of property for Europe, the exchange of goods and cultures between countries and a change in the worldview of geography. Columbus’s explorations were the catalyst for unprecedented trade known as the Columbian Exchange, which started the exchange of goods and ideas that would last for centuriesRead MorePositive Impact Of Christopher Columbus Discoveries1249 Words   |  5 PagesPositive Impact of Christopher Columbus’ Discoveries The world is a better place because of Christopher Columbus’ important discoveries in the New World. His explorations resulted in the vast expansion of property for Europe, the exchange of goods and cultures between countries and a change in the worldview of geography. Columbus’s explorations were the catalyst for unprecedented trade known as the Columbian Exchange, which started the exchange of goods and ideas that would last for centuriesRead MoreSpanish Myths, And Legends1220 Words   |  5 Pagesspirit. The Indians she visited continued to remember her visits many years later. The Black Legend The Black Legend of the Spanish in America has existed for many centuries. This legend has done much to destroy the fame of the Spanish during the Age of Discovery. Created through the recordings of writers such as las Casas, the Black Legend tells of the mistreatment of the Amerindian population by the Spanish. Although the majority of the events described in the Black Legend are true, this tale does littleRead MoreAge Of Exploration : The Promise Of Glory1188 Words   |  5 Pages Age of Exploration: The Promise of Glory I have fully upheld Delbarton’s honor code in letter and spirit. Signature: Hunter Macy Hunter Macy October 19, 2015 European History Mr. Manno Delbarton School The Age of Exploration, during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, led to a myriad of expansion for European countries, namely Spain and Portugal. The rush to the New World by Portugal and Spain during the Age of Exploration, led by men such as Hernan CortesRead MoreEffects Of European Exploration On Europe, Africa, And The Americas1523 Words   |  7 PagesThe effect of European Exploration on Europe, Africa, and the Americas Whenever you hear about the European Exploration, or ‘The Age of Discovery’’ you hear a lot about what the Europeans gained from it, while they did learn a lot from this and gather a lot of new resources they were not the only ones affected. The Age of Discovery affected more areas that just Europe, it also affected the Americas and Africa. To prove this we must first know what European Exploration is. From the 15th century to

Call Of The Wild Theme Essay Example For Students

Call Of The Wild Theme Essay Throughout the novel The Call of the Wild, we follow a dog named Buck through his journey through the Klondike. We experience a transformation in him, as he adapts to the cold, harsh land where he is forced to toil in the snow, just to help men find a shiny metal. Buck seems to almost transform into a different dog by the end of the book. In this essay, I will go over what Buck was like, how and why he was forced to adapt to his new environment, and what he changed into. When we first met up with Buck, he lived in the Santa Clara Valley, on Judge Millers property. He was the ruler of his domain, uncontested by any other local dogs. he was a mix between a St. Bernard and a Scotch Shepherd dog. He weighed one hundred and forty pounds, and he carried every one with utmost pride. Buck had everything he could want. Little did he know, he would soon have it all taken away from him. One night, while the judge was away at a raisin growers committee meeting, the gardener, Manuel, took Buck away from his home. Buck was then sold, and thrown in a baggage car. This would be the beginning of a new, cruel life for Buck. On his ride to wherever he was going, Bucks pride was severely damaged, if not completely wiped out by men who used tools to restrain him. No matter how many times Buck tried to lunge, he would just be choked into submission at the end. When Buck arrived at his destination, there was snow everywhere, not to mention the masses of Husky and wolf dogs. Buck was thrown into a pen with a man who had a club. This is where Buck would learn one of the two most important laws that a dog could know in the Klondike. The law of club is quite simple, if there is a man with a club, a dog would be better off not to challenge that man. Buck learned this law after he was beaten half to death by the man who had the club. no matter what he tried, he just couldnt win. Buck was sold off to a man who put him in a harness connected to many other dogs. Buck was bad at first, but eventually, he learned the way of trace and trail. Buck had to learn many things if he was to survive in this frigid land. He had to learn to sleep under the snow, and to eat his food as fast as possible so as not to have it stolen. At about this point in the book, we see Buck start to go through a metamorphosis of sorts. He transforms from a house dog to a more primitive, savage version of his former self. It was as if hundreds of years of knowledge, learned by his ancestors, were dug up and brought out. Buck proceeded to lose all the fat in his body and replace it with muscle. Buck was no longer Judge Millers pet. He was a machine of survival and triumph. Most Southland dogs like him ended up dead because of their inability to conform. Buck was born to lead the team, but one dog would do everything possible to try and keep him down. This dogs name was Spitz. Spitz was a white wolf dog who was a proven champion in confrontation and was as crafty as they come. It was clear that he and Buck would not work well together. When dogs have confrontation in the Klondike, only one survives. .uc9d293d9145a402cc4f6aaecec4c3f50 , .uc9d293d9145a402cc4f6aaecec4c3f50 .postImageUrl , .uc9d293d9145a402cc4f6aaecec4c3f50 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc9d293d9145a402cc4f6aaecec4c3f50 , .uc9d293d9145a402cc4f6aaecec4c3f50:hover , .uc9d293d9145a402cc4f6aaecec4c3f50:visited , .uc9d293d9145a402cc4f6aaecec4c3f50:active { border:0!important; } .uc9d293d9145a402cc4f6aaecec4c3f50 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc9d293d9145a402cc4f6aaecec4c3f50 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc9d293d9145a402cc4f6aaecec4c3f50:active , .uc9d293d9145a402cc4f6aaecec4c3f50:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc9d293d9145a402cc4f6aaecec4c3f50 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc9d293d9145a402cc4f6aaecec4c3f50 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc9d293d9145a402cc4f6aaecec4c3f50 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc9d293d9145a402cc4f6aaecec4c3f50 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc9d293d9145a402cc4f6aaecec4c3f50:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc9d293d9145a402cc4f6aaecec4c3f50 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc9d293d9145a402cc4f6aaecec4c3f50 .uc9d293d9145a402cc4f6aaecec4c3f50-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc9d293d9145a402cc4f6aaecec4c3f50:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Hazards Of Smoking Essay This was because of a law called fang. The law of Fang is such that, when two dogs fight and one is knocked to the ground, that is it. The rest of the spectators will instantly pounce on the downed dog and make quick work of it. All of these unspoken rules had turned Buck into the Best dog to ever roam the Klondike. Buck did eventually fight Spitz and send him to his death. After all of the transformations and cruelty he had been through, you would think that Buck would never be able to trust another human. He was being starved to death by a gold seeking group who had not brought enough food for the dogs. When Buck could finally not move another step, a man from the group started to beat Buck. As the blows grew less and less painful, and he was fading farther and farther, Buck knew he was dying. While Buck was being beaten, a man named John Thornton came forth and took Buck from his attacker. The man nursed Buck back to health, and from that day forward, Buck lived for that man. Buck loved him with all his being. After being with this man for quite some time, Buck started to hear a call from far away. He started paying more and more attention to this call. He went out for days at a time searching for its source. This call was the call of the wild. He had a will to go off and be with other dogs. He felt the urge to be free from man and catch his own food. One day, Buck finally left for good. He was excepted by a pack of wolves who treated him like a wolf himself. And so the transformation was complete. Buck had changed from a dog, to a beast of nature. Bibliographysdfhsfgh sxdfgjdfhjfghjfgjgjPolitical Science

Social Political Theory

Introduction The field of public administration has been developed throughout decades. Various thinkers tried to identify the best structure and the role of public administration. Some of the most influential theorists are William F. Willoughby, Max Weber, Leonard D. White and Mary Parker Follett.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Social Political Theory specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Major Contributors to the Field William F. Willoughby is one of the most prominent theorists who contributed greatly to the development of public administration. He thought that public administration could address all issues related to the government (Shafritz Hyde, 2012). One of the most important contributions of the researcher is his work on budgetary reform. Willoughby believed that budgeting is crucial for proper development and functioning of the system. He focused on three aspects: the role of budgets in controll ing, the role of budgets in enhancing executive and legislative branches and the role budgets played in development of administrative efficiency (Shafritz Hyde, 2012). He also contributed greatly to the development of the Budget Office. It is needless to say that the contemporary budgeting system is based on the works of this thinker. Another influential thinker who had a profound impact on the development of public administration is the German sociologist Max Weber. Weber focused on a variety of aspects of the human society and considered the structure of public administration. The sociologist believed that bureaucracy was an indispensible part of effective government (Cox et al., 2010). Importantly, the thinker considered different states (from the ancient world along with European countries) and revealed major features of bureaucracy. The sociologist also noted that bureaucracies can have a negative impact if they do not develop properly (Shafritz Hyde, 2012). Weber’s th eories had a significant effect on the development of public administration as the sociologist outlined major peculiarities of effective bureaucracy. Apart from Weber, who focused on some particular aspects of public administration, there was another thinker who outlined the major aspects of public administration as a disciple. This thinker was Leonard D. White who provided specific objectives of the discipline. Hence, according to White public administration can be studied at different levels, the core variable of the study is management (not politics), it is both art and science, it is crucial to recognize it as a study which will be vital for the development of the government (Shafritz Hyde, 2012).Advertising Looking for critical writing on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Admittedly, these are milestones within the field of public administration. Thus, it is possible to note that White contributed great ly to the process of recognition of public administration as a discipline and outlined the central points within the area. Unlike White, Mary Parker Follett focused on behavior of individuals within the system. She saw government as an organization where relationships between individuals were essential (Shafritz Hyde, 2012). The researcher was one of the first thinkers to focus on management within public administration. She stressed the importance of development of proper relationships between subordinates and seniors (Shafritz Hyde, 2012). Though she focused on quite specific areas, she made a significant contribution to the field as she revealed the value of proper management. Conclusion To sum up, it is possible to state that William F. Willoughby, Max Weber, Leonard D. White and Mary Parker Follett contributed greatly in the development of the public administration. The thinkers focused on macro and micro issues within the field and, thus, they addressed all major aspects of public administration. Reference List Cox, R.W., Buck, S.J., Morgan, B.N. (2010). Public administration in theory and practice. New York, NY: Longman Publishing Group. Shafritz, J.M., Hyde, A.C. (2012). Classics of public administration. Boston, MA: Cengage Learning. This critical writing on Social Political Theory was written and submitted by user Maya D. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Lincoln Vs. Kennedy

Late presidents John Fitzgerald Kennedy and Abraham Lincoln are always in the top ten of America’s favorite presidents. So what was the reason for their assassination? Maybe society today does not have knowledge enough about the two late presidents to judge them on how great they actually were. Is Lincoln really the â€Å"Great Emancipator†, was Kennedy really out to be the best he could be, or is that a big hoax to cover for America’s late presidents? After all, the president of the United States is supposed to represent our country, their ability to make decisions, and our belief of right and wrong. Is there really a good reason Lincoln and Kennedy were assassinated or was it really a freak accident that was soon regretted by the assassins? On February 12, 1809 Abraham Lincoln was born in Hardin County Kentucky. He later moved to Decatur Illinois. In contrast, John F. Kennedy was born on May 29, 1917 in Brookline Massachusetts. Lincoln went on to Princeton for his studies, married at 33 to a girl of his age, ran for Legislature and won. Yet, Kennedy went to Harvard for his studies, joined the Navy upon graduation, and married at 36 to a girl of only 24. Both late presidents had children, but while Lincoln was a strict professional father, Kennedy was the high class laid back dad. Lincoln, in personality, was an upstanding, never unprofessional man, who only wanted to be taken seriously for his decisions. Kennedy, on the other hand, wanted nothing more than to be the friendly man of the people, who wanted to make decisions based on public opinion. During the Lincoln presidential debates, Lincoln was the â€Å"truth teller†, but little does the United States citizens know that in the slave supporter states Lincoln agreed with slavery and said he would never believe that the white were equal or insuperior to any other race. In states that disagreed ... Free Essays on Lincoln Vs. Kennedy Free Essays on Lincoln Vs. Kennedy Late presidents John Fitzgerald Kennedy and Abraham Lincoln are always in the top ten of America’s favorite presidents. So what was the reason for their assassination? Maybe society today does not have knowledge enough about the two late presidents to judge them on how great they actually were. Is Lincoln really the â€Å"Great Emancipator†, was Kennedy really out to be the best he could be, or is that a big hoax to cover for America’s late presidents? After all, the president of the United States is supposed to represent our country, their ability to make decisions, and our belief of right and wrong. Is there really a good reason Lincoln and Kennedy were assassinated or was it really a freak accident that was soon regretted by the assassins? On February 12, 1809 Abraham Lincoln was born in Hardin County Kentucky. He later moved to Decatur Illinois. In contrast, John F. Kennedy was born on May 29, 1917 in Brookline Massachusetts. Lincoln went on to Princeton for his studies, married at 33 to a girl of his age, ran for Legislature and won. Yet, Kennedy went to Harvard for his studies, joined the Navy upon graduation, and married at 36 to a girl of only 24. Both late presidents had children, but while Lincoln was a strict professional father, Kennedy was the high class laid back dad. Lincoln, in personality, was an upstanding, never unprofessional man, who only wanted to be taken seriously for his decisions. Kennedy, on the other hand, wanted nothing more than to be the friendly man of the people, who wanted to make decisions based on public opinion. During the Lincoln presidential debates, Lincoln was the â€Å"truth teller†, but little does the United States citizens know that in the slave supporter states Lincoln agreed with slavery and said he would never believe that the white were equal or insuperior to any other race. In states that disagreed ...

Do not miss these cities while exploring Europe

Do not miss these cities while exploring Europe The lesser-known European cities which are worth tourist attention Paris, Amsterdam, Copenhagen, Florence, Berlin†¦All these famous cities have become the visiting cards of Europe. However, there are many other European cities which deserve our attention as well. They have a lot of interesting things to offer. These underrated cities are full of hidden cultural and historic treasures. So, it is high time to explore them.   The charming, cobblestone city of Maastricht This Dutch city will definitely impress you with its French and Belgian twists in the architecture, Roman and Spanish ruins, and sophisticated drink and food. It is considered to be one of the oldest cities in the Netherlands. Maastricht is a lively and energetic place with beautiful historic streets and a distinct international spirit. The biggest attractions of Maastricht are the underground tours to the casemates. It would be very interesting to walk through the tunnels and listen to the stories about the life underground. You can also enjoy the stunning Limburg landscapes during a boat ride over the river Meuse. Don`t forget to visit the annual European Fine Art Fair and enjoy the artworks of contemporary and modern artists. The ancient, Arabic-inspired city of Cadiz The Andalusian city of Cadiz is almost entirely surrounded by water. It has no shortage of breathtaking views and tourist attractions. White houses, open plazas, cobblestone streets, wonderful beaches and seafood, and charming old center – all these things will definitely impress every visitor of Cadiz. This city is well known for its fabulous seafood and fish. At El Faro restaurant you can enjoy some delicious local dishes. Don`t forget to take an excursion to Castillo San Sebastian, which is a magnificent historic fortress, linked to the sea by a tidal causeway. Hamburg – a Germany`s Gateway to the World Hamburg is the second largest city in Germany, the biggest port, and the centre of international trade. It is one of Germany`s wealthiest cities. There are a lot of attractions in Hamburg which are really worth your attention. There is always something to marvel at the Fish Market, HafenCity, and Port of Hamburg. You can visit the century-old Speicherstadt, which is the world-largest contiguous warehouse complex. Elbphilarmonie in HafenCity is a new cultural and urban landmark of Hamburg. It is one of the ten best concert halls in the world, where you can enjoy the classical music culture, music of the 21st century and sophisticated light music. The Portugal city of Porto will become your love at first sight Its higgledy-piggledy medieval centre, charismatic locals, divine food and wine, beautiful monuments and bridges, tiles, shopping streets, hipster bars, flowering balconies, baroque churches, and colorful cliffs will definitely leave you breathless. This city looks like it has emerged from the pages of a storybook. The River Douro on the Gaia side and the historic centre of Porto belong to the World Heritage. Don`t miss to visit Casa do Infante, by Riberia, enjoy the great beaches and cafà © terraces at the mouth of the river Douro, explore Porto by night, try a francesinha, which is one of Porto`s specialties, and stroll through the Parque da Cidade, down the seafront. Perugia – the picturesque Umbrian city with rich history Perugia is a substantial town city with good transport links and a number of historical attractions. It is a medieval, hilltop city that rises above the lush vineyard and hills. It is a major center of medieval art and a major producer of chocolates. It is a home of the Eurochocolate Festival and Umbria Jazz Festival. The Saint Peter`s Basilica is one of the most significant and symbolic landmarks of the city. Fontana Maggiore is the main symbol of Perugia. It is a perfect holiday destination with the beauty of the architecture and active leisure active ideas. The charming city of Aarhus has plenty to offer Aarhus is the second-largest city in Denmark, which is full of opportunities for tourists. It is surrounded by beautiful nature. Here you will find wonderful areas for running, walking, and biking. It has several attractions that are renowned internationally. Den Gamle By, ARoS Aarhus Art Museum, Musikhuset Aarhus, Moesgaard Museum, and Tropical Houses at the Botanical Garden are the absolute best attractions in Aarhus. You should definitely visit this city if you are interested in art and architecture.

Strategic Marketing of Qatar Airways Assignment

Strategic Marketing of Qatar Airways - Assignment Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that strategic marketing orientation is an integral part of the modern-day business. Modern day business is ever-changing. It is very important for each and every organization to change their structure according to the time. The modern business is full of cutthroat competitions; managing competition is the need of the hour for the management across the world. Customers are the focus and understating customers continuously is a complex but important task. The performance of the company has significant dependency on inter-functional co-ordination. Organizational culture with their values and visionary thoughts also play significant roles in the marketing orientation. Shareholders are the pillars of organizational successes, it is important for every company to take care of the long-term interests of shareholders. With the help of this study Managing director of Qatar, airways will be able to get some insights of marketing orientation on the bas is of the above-written factors. The organization has 131 fleet sizes and the company covers 144 destinations across the world. According to Donavan, Brown, Mowen, customer orientation is all about a group of actions taken by the companies to identify and meet the needs of the customers. The authors said that previously organizations were more products centric but as the business scenario has changed nowadays organizations are transforming themselves into more customer-centric. They also commented that performances of the organizations are highly dependent on the continuous understanding of changing needs of customers. In the modern world of business customer orientation is the core factor and fundamental aim of every organization is to remain focused towards customers. They argued that in modern-day business every company relies on pricing, innovation and brand image. They commented that apart from all these things organizations can gain high competitive advantages through offering quality services and by meeting the customer expectations.

Learning Theories Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Learning Theories - Research Paper Example Because of that, different types of learning methods are prevailing among people. Different scholars and psychologists have formulated different learning theories after comprehensive researches and studies. â€Å"Although there is no acceptable definition of learning, a generally accepted definition of learning is any relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as a result of experience† (Chowdhury, 2006, p.1). Learning is a process and a product at the same time. Many of the psychologists defined learning as a change in behavior. It is a fact that all the people behave in a particular way based on their knowledge level. For example, a person who has completed college education may behave more diplomatically than a person who has not completed college education. In other words, learning makes lot of behavioral changes in a person’s life. ... Customization of these learning theories is necessary for a student to learn the topics properly. In other words, every student should have a customized learning strategy or theory in order to learn the topics properly. This paper describes my ideas of â€Å"the best learning environment† and supports it using the theoretical perspectives of what defines the "best of" in education. Learning Theory and its importance â€Å"Learning is a personal act. We each place our own personal stamp on how we learn, what we learn and when we learn. How we learn is a question that begs the answer--based on learning theory† (Chowdhury, 2006, p.2). As mentioned earlier, no two individuals are alike in their learning methods. Different people use different methods for learning a particular topic. The awareness about different learning theories will definitely help the educators in providing customized learning environments for each student. For example, brighter students may require more complex assignments whereas average or below average students may require simple assignments in order to help them in their learning process. â€Å"Learning theories are the basic raw materials, which are applied in training activities. It is, therefore, essential that the trainer understand the learning theories so that he or she can design the effective training program† (Chowdhury, 2006, p.6). It is important for the educator to know how a particular subject can be taught well in a class. For that purpose different learning theories may help. For example, many learning theories suggest that motivation is required for the students to learn a particular topic well. In order

Native Americans in the United States and Include In-text Citation Essay Example for Free

Native Americans in the United States and Include In-text Citation Essay TermDefinition Segregationâ€Å"The physical and social separation of categories of people. † (Macionis, 2012, p. 61) De jure segregationâ€Å"Children assigned to schools specifically to maintain racially separated schools. † (Schaefer, 2012, p. 414) Pluralismâ€Å"A state in which people of all racial and ethnic categories have about the same overall social standing. † (Macionis, 2012, p. 63) Assimilationâ€Å"The process by which minorities gradually adopt cultural patterns from the dominant majority population. † (Macionis, 2012, p. 63) Part II Write a 75- to 150-word response to each of the following questions. Format your work according to the class writing guide: †¢Genocide is the deliberate and systematic destruction of an ethnic, racial, or national group, such as the Turkish killing of Armenians after WWI, the Nazis’ slaughter of 6 million European Jews during WWII, or the mass killings in Rwanda in 1994. Has genocide ever been practiced or condoned in North America? Explain your response. Yes, genocide has been both practiced and condoned in North America and the United States. The native inhabitants of North America, or Native Americans, were destroyed as a people. In the early 18th century, several states including Massachusetts, Connecticut, and New Jersey promoted the genocide of local native people by offering a scalp bounty on every dead native. In 1703 12 pounds was the price paid per scalp by the State of Massachusetts, by 1723 that price had soared to over 100 pounds per scalp. In that same period, George Washington compared Natives to wolves or beasts of prey, and called for their total destruction. By 1814, Andrew Jackson supervised the mutilation of more than 800 members of the Creek Tribe, which had been murdered by his troops. As time progresses to 1867, General William Tecumseh Sherman was saying, â€Å"We must act with vindictive earnestness against the Sioux [Lakota] even to their extermination; men, women, and children. † No one knows a precise number of Native Americans that were murdered at the behest of our United States Government, but some estimates make the number of European Jews murdered by German Nazis look small. (Religious Tolerance, 2011) †¢Consider the readings from this week as well as last week. What is the difference between Arab Americans and Muslim Americans? Why are the two often thought to be interchangeable? Explain your response. Arab Americans are Americans of Arabic heritage, which have either immigrated to the United States or have been born here and can trace their lineage back to the Middle East. (The Prejudice Institute , 2012) However not all people from the Middle East are Arab. Muslim Americans are people who practice the religion of Islam and live in the United States. (Muslim Americans, 2011) I think that often these two terms are thought to be interchangeable because there are a great deal of Muslims in the Middle East and those are the Muslim Extremist that we she on the news. Therefore, as we always do we go right to the stereotypes that have been played out in the headlines of the news. So if a person is of Arabic decent he or she must also be Muslim, which is why people tend to consider the two terms interchangeable. ? References Religious Tolerance. (2011). Retrieved from http://www. religioustolerance. org/genocide5. htm Macionis, J. J. (2012). Social Problems, Census Edition (4th ed. ). Retrieved from The University of Phoenix eBook Collection database. The Prejudice Institute . (2012). Retrieved from http://www. prejudiceinstitute. org/Factsheets5-ArabAmericans. html Muslim Americans. (2011). Retrieved from http://www. people-press. org/files/2011/08/muslim-american-report. pdf.

Charlemagne :: essays research papers

Charlemagne Charlemagne, also known as Charles the Great, became the undisputed ruler of Western Europe, â€Å"By the sword and the cross.† (Compton’s 346) As Western Europe was deteriorating Charlemagne was crowned the privilege of being joint king of the Franks in 768 A.D. People of Western Europe, excluding the church followers, had all but forgotten the great gifts of education and arts that they had possessed at one time. Charlemagne solidly defeated barbarians and kings in identical fashion during his reign. Using the re-establishment of education and order, Charlemagne was able to save many political rights and restore culture in Western Europe. Early Life Charlemagne was born in 742 A.D., to a very famous and well-known family. Charlemagne’s grandfather was Charles Martel, the man who was responsible for the defeat of the Saracens. Charlemagne was also the eldest son of Bertrade (also known as Bertha Greatfoot) and Pepin the Short, the first to become king of the Franks. With the almost full extinction of schools in the 8th century, many historians say that Charlemagne received very little education, but did learn the art of reading from Bertrade. The one thing that kept Charlemagne motivated throughout his entire life was his deep devotion to the church. Charlemagne was a tall young man with light blond hair, and was described by his secretary as, â€Å"face laughing and merry. . . his appearance was always stately and dignified.† (World book 452) Charlemagne had great wit, but was stern at times. He had simple and moderate tastes; he enjoyed hunting, riding and swimming. Charlemagne had a large wardrobe with many Frankish dresses, linen shirts and breeches, silk-fringed tunics, hoses wrapped with bands, and for the winter he had coats made of otter or marten skins. Charlemagne asked his people to improve their lifestyles, but he divorced two of his four fives without any given cause. Charlemagne’s Reign In 768 A.D., Charlemagne at the age of 26, along with his brother Carloman inherited the kingdom of Franks. However, in 771 A.D. Carloman died, making Charlemagne the sole ruler of the kingdom. At this time the northern part of Europe was out of order and unruly. In the south, the Roman Catholic Church was asserting itself alongside the Lombard kingdom in Italy. While in Charlemagne’s own kingdom, the people were becoming and acting as barbarians and neglecting education and faith. But Charlemagne was determined to make his kingdom as strong as possible.

Fahrenheit 451 Essay

In the book Fahrenheit 451, Beatty claims that â€Å"If you don’t want a house built, hide the nails and wood† (61). * What Beatty means here, is that if people don’t want society to have knowledge, then all knowledge-bearing materials must be destroyed, which in this instance, are books. Books give people knowledge and more complications, which he claims can make people less happy. Ignorance is bliss because every character in Fahrenheit 451 who discovers the truth is in immediate trouble, and completely loses their control on life. Clarisse is a character who finds herself in trouble because of awareness of the truth. For example, Clarisse says â€Å"Oh, they don’t miss me, I’m antisocial. I don’t mix. It’s so strange. I’m very social indeed† (29). She cannot fit in with her peers because of her education, and has a hard time â€Å"socializing† at all. A child who is incapable of making friends due to higher education is a very troubling experience for anyone. Beatty also says â€Å"Clarisse McClellan? We’ve a record on her family. We’ve watched them carefully. Heredity and environment are funny things. You can’t rid yourself of all the odd ducks in just a few years† (60). Because of Clarisse’s family background, and their history, Beatty and the rest of the firemen keep a very close eye on her family. Her entire family is looked upon as social outcasts because of their lack of ignorance. Clarisse later disappears from society. Clarisse is separated and discriminated against, and for this, she was not even able to function in society due to her education. Even more troubling, are the events that occur at Mrs. Blake’s house. Mrs. Blake held in her possession an entire library of books, and the fire department is called to have them destroyed (36-38). By the time the fire department got there, and pumped kerosene all over the entire house, she refuses to leave the house. She said â€Å"You can stop counting† as the firemen continued to count and give her time to evacuate the house before burning it (39). She wants them to stop wasting their breath and allow her to remain in the house while it was burned. The woman on the porch reached out with contempt to them all and struck the kitchen match against the railing† (40). The entire house is burned, with her in it. The woman committed suicide, due to her education and presence of the books. She is so befuddled by the content in the books, that when educated, she refused to even live any longer once her source of knowledge was burned. Being burned to death is about the most cruel way to die, and Mrs. Blake did all this only because she had been educated. Also, Faber found himself getting into several problematic situations involving his lack of ignorance. Faber was once an English teacher, meaning that he was very highly educated, because he had the permission to educate students (74). Faber is one who was around during the time where books were starting to be deleted from existence. He had the knowledge, and the ability to stand up for what was right, but never did. Faber has had to live with his guilt for several years now, just wishing he would have done something different, all because he was educated and enjoyed reading. If Faber would have never been educated, he wouldn’t waste his time worrying about the past! During a huge fight between Beatty and Montag, Beatty says â€Å"Well-So there’s more here than I thought. I saw you tilt your head, listening. First I thought you had a Seashell. But when you turned clever later, I wondered. We’ll trace this and drop it on your friend† (118). Beatty is threatening to bring harm to Faber, for being associated with Montag. He plans on taking both of them to jail, at this point. Faber was about to get serious jail time or more serious punishment, just for being associated with someone who was trying to become smarter! It’s very troubling to have the want to be educated, but be punished for the thirst for more education, which is exactly what happened to Faber. However, the best example of someone whose life is destroyed by the absence of ignorance and the presence of books, is Montag. Montag, the protagonist has a life of order in the beginning of the book, he says â€Å"It was a pleasure to burn. It was a special pleasure to see things eaten, to see things blackened and changed† (3). Montag enjoys his life of destruction at first, and nobody is directly harmed by it. After discovering books, this all changed. Montag eventually loses it, kills Beatty (119), and runs from the law (137-179). Montag lost everything: his wife, his house, his job, his friends, his entire life! Montag’s life was most affected by the presence of books, and the deletion of all previous ignorance, because with the addition of education, Montag’s life became a complete misery he wished to get out of.

What does china has an ageing population?

China, the second larges country in the world, is facing a serious problem — ageing population. Before 1979, when Mao was the chairman of China, he persuaded women to have lots of babies in order to finish his plan – the Great Leap Forward. This is the start of the ageing population in China. In January 1958, Mao launched the second five year plan known as the Great Leap Forward. 1Mao wanted China to become a world power. He wanted to catch up with the west by ending Chinese dependence upon agriculture. His aim was to catch up with UK in the industry products in ten years time and with America in 15 years time. In order to do this, he will need lots of peasants but many of them die during this progress. This is why Mao encouraged women to have lots of children. In the DTM, the birth rate at stage 2 and 3 are both very high and this is due to requirement of Mao. China's population base increased â€Å"only† by another 100,000,000 on top of its 432,000,000 base.2 The magnitude of China total population increase so much that even the People's Republic of China found it hard to support. This is when One Child Policy (ICP) came in to control the over growing population. ICP is the birth control policy of the government of the People's Republic of China (PRC)3. When Deng Xiao Ping took over the power at 1978, he realized the overpopulation is a roadblock to economic development and also the death rate will increase due to the lack of food and water, then he came out with the ICP idea. In general, this policy is very successful because the birth rate has been reduced gradually starting at the middle of stage 3 in the DTM. The 1982 fertility survey shows the total fertility rate falling from around 6.0in the mid-1950s to well below 4.0in 19614. However, ICP leads to some other problem such as the ageing population. Since the ICP is introduced, the population has successfully decreased. However, the infant mortality increases at the same time. This is because as a Chinese tradition, the boys carry the family name but now, the families are only allow to have one child therefore the chance of having a boy is less then before. Because of this, some families may choose to kill the baby if it's a girl in order to carry the family name. This is not the only effect of ICP, since most families choose to have a boy rather than a girl, there will be more males than female in the future. The difference will also increase as the time pass by. As years go by, the medical care develops a lot in China therefore the life expectancy increase at the same time. Since the birth rate was so high is 1960s but then decrease so much when ICP is introduced, there are depend people then independent people. This slows down the economic development of China. When there are more dependent then the government will need to pay more than it earns. Since the dependent people can not earn their own living, the government will have to give them money and because the numbers of dependent people are so many, the money that was given to the dependents is more than the money China earns. The birth rate keeps dropping in China is due to one other main reason – as most of the people are now educated, they understand that if you want to raise up your children as best as you can, one child is more than enough. Also, the cost of having two children is normally too expensive for lower or middle classes. The time that is taken to look after them is too much if both parents are working. These are the main reasons why most of the parents choose not to have more than one child. In conclusion, China has an ageing population a problem is because the birth rate was really high when Mao was the chairman but then it decreases so much that ICP was introduced. The differences between that get worse and develop as the ageing population. Because of this problem, the economic developments is held back since the input and output is not balance due to part of the income is given to those dependent people. The death rate will increase dramatically when the dependent people die. This will affects reputation of China too.

Trying Juviniles as Adults essays

Trying Juviniles as Adults essays Trying Juveniles as Adults and Placing them into Adult Institutions Juveniles being tried as adults, who is to blame? In todays society it is not who or whom it is what. Juvenile offenders are now facing a double-edged sword. Not only can they be tried in a Juvenile court for a crime committed. They are now being charged as adults. Charging a juvenile as an adult has stirred up many different views. When should we say enough is enough? Violent crimes committed by juveniles have become a growing epidemic. The children of today are subjected to violence in popular songs, television shows, and even computer games. Parents having guns accessible to children and the society the child lives in all play a part in the destruction of our youth. Juvenile offenders are now facing tougher punishment for their actions. Juvenile crime is stated as an act committed by a minor that would be considered a crime committed by an adult, such as vandalism, burglary, assault, or murder (Silverstein 11). Juveniles are committing these crimes against families, classmates, and strangers. In many states, a juvenile is any one under the age of eighteen. Young offenders commit these crimes because they feel neglected, that no one cares, and this is a way to get attention. However, professionals say that juvenile offenders commit these crimes due to being abused or even ignored as a child (Valentine). Telling a parent to not ignore, punish, or leave your child home alone or your child could grow to become a criminal, seems severe. Why dont we just tell them how to raise their children? We as a society can not place the blame on a parent the juveniles are the ones at fault. Juvenile crime is dated as far back as the 1600s. Where in the Massachusetts colony, a teenager over sixteen years of age who had cursed at or hit his parents could receive the death penalty (Landau 88). In this time-pe...

The History of the Green Movement

The History of the Green Movement Though the conservation movement had European roots, many observers maintain that the United States has emerged as the worlds leader in environmentalism. If America does, in fact, deserve credit for leading the green movement, what made the United States such a crucible for environmentalism? Its partly due to the immigrants who came to the North American continent in the colonial era and partly to the natural beauty of the land they found when they crossed the Atlantic. The Early Years of the Green Movement America, of course, didnt invent the green movement any more than it invented trees. The basic principles of sustainable forestry management, for example, were known throughout Europe (especially Germany, France and England) since the medieval era. Farming communities in Asia practiced soil conservation through terrace farming and other sustainable agricultural practices. English writer Thomas Malthus, in his oft-quoted An Essay on the Principle of Population, alarmed much of 18th-century Europe by proposing that an increase in human population beyond sustainable limits would result in a catastrophic plunge in population due to famine and/or disease. Malthus writings would inform much of the alarm over the population explosion roughly 200 years later. But it was after the colonization of the Americas by Europeans that writers and philosophers were among the first to propose that wilderness had an intrinsic value beyond its usefulness to humans. While fisheries, hunting grounds, and timber stands were important to civilization, visionaries like Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau proposed that in wildness is the preservation of the world (Thoreau). Their belief that nature possesses a spiritual element that transcends human utility gave these men and their followers the label Transcendentalists. The Green Movement and the Industrial Revolution The transcendentalism of the early 1800s and its celebration of the natural world arrived just in time to be trampled underfoot by the ravages of the Industrial Revolution. As forests disappeared under the ax of reckless timber barons, coal became a popular source of energy. Unfettered use of coal in homes and factories resulted in horrific air pollution in cities like London, Philadelphia, and Paris. In the 1850s, a carnival huckster named George Gale heard about an immense California redwood that was over 600 years old when Jesus was born. Upon seeing the magnificent tree, nicknamed The Mother of the Forest, Gale hired men to cut the tree down so that its bark could be displayed in his sideshow. The reaction to Gales stunt, however, was swift and ugly: To our mind, it seems a cruel idea, a perfect desecration, to cut down such a splendid tree ... what in the world could have possessed any mortal to embark in such a speculation with this mountain of wood?, wrote one editor. The growing realization that human industry was obliterating irreplaceable wilderness and endangering human health resulted in the earliest efforts at managing natural resources. In 1872, Yellowstone National Park was created, the first of what became one of Americas best ideas: a network of national parks that were strictly off-limits to exploitation. The Conservation Movement Takes Root As the Industrial Revolution continued to wreak havoc on wilderness, a growing chorus of voices sounded the alarm. Among them were John Muir, a visionary poet of the American West and its spectacular beauty, and Theodore Roosevelt, an avid reformer whom Muir convinced to set aside vast tracts of wilderness for conservation. Other men, however, had different ideas about the value of wilderness. Gifford Pinchot, who studied forestry in Europe and became an advocate for managed forestry, was once an ally of Muir and others in the conservation movement. As Pinchot continued to broker the clear-cutting of virgin forests with influential timber barons, however, he fell out of favor with those who believed in the importance of preserving nature, regardless of its commercial uses. Muir was among those who decried Pinchots management of wilderness areas, and it is Muirs interest in preservation as opposed to conservation that gave rise to what may be Muirs greatest legacy. In 1892, Muir and others created the Sierra Club, to do something for wildness and make the mountains glad. The Modern Green Movement Begins In the 20th century, the conservation movement was overshadowed by events like the Great Depression and two world wars. Only after World War II ended and the rapid transformation of North America from an agricultural society to an industrial one was well underway did the modern environmental movement begin. Americas postwar industrialization proceeded at a breakneck pace. The results, while amazing in their breadth, alarmed many with the havoc they wreaked. Nuclear fallout from atomic tests, air pollution caused by millions of cars and factories spewing chemicals into the atmosphere, the destruction of once-pristine rivers and lakes (like Ohios Cuyahoga River, which famously caught fire due to pollution), and the disappearance of farmland and forests under suburban developments were a concern to many citizens. Into this maelstrom stepped a quiet, studious scientist and author.  Rachel Carson in 1962 published, a devastating argument against the reckless use of the pesticides that were wiping out populations of birds, insects, and other animals. The now-classic book gave voice to millions of Americans who saw their rich natural heritage disappearing right before their eyes. Following the publication of Silent Spring and books like Paul Erlichs The Population Bomb, Democratic Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon Johnson joined many other politicians in adding environmental protection to their platforms. Even Republican Richard Nixon made considerable progress toward incorporating environmental awareness into his administration. Not only did Nixon create the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), he also signed the National Environmental Policy Act, or NEPA, which required environmental impact assessments for all large-scale federal projects. And on Christmas Eve of 1968, NASA astronaut William Anders, while orbiting the moon with the Apollo 8 mission, snapped a photograph that many people credit with providing a foundation for the modern green movement. His photo shows a small, blue planet Earth peeking over the horizon of the Moon. (See above.) The image of a small planet, alone in a vast ocean of space, showed billions the fragility of our planet and the importance of preserving and protecting Earth. The Environmental Movement and Earth Day Inspired by the protests and teach-ins that were occurring worldwide throughout the 1960s, Senator Gaylord Nelson proposed in 1969 that there be a nationwide grassroots demonstration on behalf of the environment. In Nelsons words, The response was electric. It took off like gangbusters. Thus was born the event now known as Earth Day. On April 22, 1970, the first celebration of Earth Day took place on a glorious spring day, and the event was a tremendous success. Millions of Americans coast to coast took part in parades, concerts, speeches and fairs devoted to preserving the natural heritage of the United States and the entire world. In a speech that day, Nelson stated, Our goal is an environment of decency, quality, and mutual respect for all other human creatures and for all living creatures. Earth Day is now celebrated worldwide and has become an environmental touchstone for two generations of eco-activists. The Environmental Movement Solidifies In the months and years following the first Earth Day and the creation of the EPA, the green movement, and environmental consciousness were solidified into private and public institutions around the world. Landmark environmental legislation, like the Clean Water Act, the Federal Pesticides Act, the Clean Air Act, the Endangered Species Act, and the National Scenic Trails Acts, were signed into law. These federal acts joined many other state and local programs to protect the environment. But all institutions have their detractors, and the environmental movement is no exception. As environmental legislation began to be implemented nationwide, many in the business community found that environmental legislation was having a negative impact on the profitability of mining, forestry, fisheries, manufacturing and other extractive and polluting industries. In 1980, when Republican Ronald Reagan was elected to the presidency, the dismantling of environmental safeguards began. By appointing anti-environmental crusaders like Interior Secretary James Watt and EPA Administrator Anne Gorsuch to office, Reagan and the entire Republican Party signaled their naked contempt for the green movement. Their success was limited, however, and both Watt and Gorsuch were so universally disliked even by members of their own party that they were removed from office after serving a matter of months. But the battle lines had been drawn, and the business community and the Republican Party remain vehemently opposed to the environmental protections that define much of the green movement. The Green Movement Today: Science vs Spiritualism Like many social and political movements, the green movement has been strengthened and annealed by the forces that oppose it. After James Watt was appointed to lead the Department of the Interior, for instance, membership in the Sierra Club grew from 183,000 to 245,000 in just 12 months. Today, the green movement is again defined and galvanized by its command of issues like global warming and climate change, wetlands preservation, the Keystone pipeline, nuclear proliferation, hydraulic fracturing or fracking, fisheries depletion, species extinction and other important environmental concerns. What distinguishes the green movement today from the earlier conservation movement is its emphasis on science and research. Speaking in spiritual tones and using religious metaphors, early environmentalists like Muir and Thoreau celebrated nature for its profound impact on mans emotions and our souls. When Hetch Hetchy Valley in California was threatened by a dam, Muir exclaimed, Dam Hetch Hetchy! As well dam for water-tanks the peoples cathedrals and churches, for no holier temple has ever been consecrated by the heart of man. Now, however, we are far more likely to call upon scientific data and empirical research to buttress arguments in favor of wilderness preservation, or against polluting industries. Politicians cite the work of polar researchers and use computerized climate models to battle global warming, and medical researchers rely on public health statistics to argue against mercury pollution. Whether these arguments succeed or fail, however, still depends on the vision, the passion and the commitment of the people who make up the green movement.

STUDENT HOUSING PROJECT (AMSTERDAM) Research Paper

STUDENT HOUSING PROJECT (AMSTERDAM) - Research Paper Example g difficulty faced by students from the two main universities in Amsterdam by transfiguring the containers into apartments that accommodate thousands of students. Apparently, Keetwonen, the biggest container city, was created through an initiative closely backed by the Tempohousing contractors. The development created a new experience and lifestyle for students who flock the universities each year. The universities seldom provide accommodation for students while the strict Netherlands rent control system which requires that that private, non-profit housing conglomerates including Stichting DuWo and DeKey be accountable for renting houses to students in a bid to protect them from paying high rents, thus making it hard to cure the accommodation challenge (Kimberley 1). The project’s actual stacking speed was virtually 20 units daily, which goes into the record as the fastest constructed units. The project developer, Quinten De Gooijer, found square building designs to be ideal particularly when containers are used due to the superfluous structural veracity they offer. Architects added a special feature to the exterior of the units by fixing green tubes that hang as curtains that serve the decorative function (Caroline 55). Moreover, there are concrete pavements that were included to create a desirable atmosphere for students as well as improve the site’s persistence. In one of the floors, there is a central installation point that supplies natural gas used in heating the units. Initially, people feared that the units would be too hot, cold, noisy or small. However, they later realized that their fears were unsubstantiated after the units turned out to be well insulated, unobtrusive and spacious enough to offer value for the students’ money (Skaeve 1). Additionally, they contain exceptional facilities including detached sleeping and studying chambers, persona l kitchen (with a sink and stove), balcony, bathroom, a programmed ventilation system with capricious

Classical argument Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Classical argument - Essay Example These regulations are adopted in most airlines although they are in constant conflict between the newly introduced smoking law introduced in 1989 in The United States and the human rights laws. Among the pros is that nonsmokers travel in a conducive environment. The passive-smoker is exposed to more harm than the direct smoker himself in terms of effects such as lung cancer, colds, and sore eyes as a result of dwindling air circulation. Therefore, in-flight smoking law has achieved its purpose to offer comfort and enhancing safety in flights. There are those who argue that flights are also like work places and similar to allowing smoking there, so should smoking be done in flights to observe the right of free will provided flight attendants utilize all air channels in the plane. Some talk of introduction of smoking zones in the planes. I do not agree that this should justify allowing in-flight smoking compared to the disadvantages that include even possible fires on the plane and health challenges. In-flight smoking ought to be emphasized in or airlines and banned for

Human Figures in Landscapes Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Human Figures in Landscapes - Article Example These three paintings are placed on the timeline between the 1950s to almost the present time. The immediate years post-war witnessed a heightened level of cultural nationalism during which aboriginal cultures gained considerable weight (Foss, Paikowsky& Whitelaw, 2010, 357).The selected paintings also show a chronological growth from the 1950s to the present time in painting a theme like this. The paintings extend from 1956 to 2007 and that is a time in which a lot of things changed and many new techniques and schools emerged. But in my paper, I do not want to link these paintings to any such type of restrictions along the lines of schools of arts or any specific technique. I am going to compare them with each other only on the basis of the theme that I selected for the paper and that is Human figures in landscapes. So I will just compare them according to how well the theme is presented in all three of them.The first painting that I chose is isSun Dance Scene, Blood Reserve by Gera ld Tailfeathers. Tailfeathers was a Native Canadian artist and so he was close to heart with the Native aboriginal culture and their traditions. Being one of the very few Native Canadians who painted, he fulfilled his duty to the great colorful lost culture by painting their traditions. It is painted on paper using watercolors and watercolor is a wise medium for this painting because it gives the painting a tinge of easy simplicity and vividness. The painting shows a scene from the Native culture of Blood Reserve.

Improving the Efficiency of Semantic Based Search

Improving the Efficiency of Semantic Based Search An Effective Approach to Improve the Efficiency of Semantic Based Search Merlin Ann Roy ABSTRACT: The incredible progress in the size of data and with the great growth of amount of web pages, outdated search engines are not suitable and not proper any longer. Search engine is the best significant device to determine any information in World Wide Web. Semantic Search Engine is innate of outdated search engine to solve the above problem. The Semantic Web is a postponement of the existing web where data is given in fixed meaning. Semantic web tools have an vital role in improving web search, because it is functioning to produce machine readable data and semantic web technologies will not exchange traditional search engine Introduction The keyword search engine does not provide the relevant result because they do not know the meaning of the words and expressions used in the web pages. The incredible progress in the size of data and with the excessive development of amount of web pages, traditional search engines are not suitable and not proper anymore. Search engine is an important tool to determine any information in World Wide Web. The Semantic Web is an postponement of the existing web where data is given in fixed meaning. Semantic web machineries have a vital role in improving web search, because it is functioning to produce machine readable data and semantic web technologies will not exchange traditional search engine. The keyword search engine like Google and yahoo and the semantic search engine like Hakia, DuckDuckGo and Bing are selected to search. While comparing both of the search engines, semantic engine result was shown better than keyword search engine. Some pages contain hundreds of words just to attract the users. It shows only the advertisement of the page rather than giving the relevant result to the users, If a user gives a keyword in the search engine that itself will suggest for so many pages according to the previous user search. But if the keyword is wrong it does not going to show up anything. This research work proposes a framework to resolve this problem called enhanced skyline sweep algorithm. Algorithm says that even if the particular keyword given by the user is wrong, the search engine is going to give the relevant result to the user 2. Semantic Web Search Engine The semantic search greatly advances search exactness of the query related data and the search engine provides the exact content, the user intent to know. There’s no rejecting the control and reputation of the Google search engine. By using semantic search engine we will ensure that it results in more relevant and smart results. The search engines are able to compare or extract the data and gives very relevant results for the queries. A. Approaches to Semantic Web There are four methods for semantic search. And the method differs that is based on the semantic search engine .First method uses contextual analysis to help to disambiguate queries. Second is reasoning and third is natural language reasoning and the fourth is ontology search 3. Literature Survey In [1] researchers comparing the performance of different keyword search techniques and there results was not up to the expectation level .The run time performance was poor and the execution times for various search techniques vary for different evaluations In [2], it explains and proposes an effective move towards keyword query in relational database. Keyword search technique in the web cannot be applied directly to the databases as data which present in the internet are of different forms. That is in databases the information is seen as data tuples and relationships. Researchers proposes a model called semantic graph model consist of database metadata, database values, user terms and their semantic connections In [3], Systems produce answers quickly for many queries but the other side many others they take a long time or sometimes fail to produce answer after exhausting memory. It conclude that this approach is successful in returning a combination of answers in predictable amount of time In [4],researchers investigates about the problem that occurs when the user searches for a data base query on a SQL database SQL database suggests so many tuples that satisfies the given query. The problem is when too many tuples are there in the answer. It leads to many-answers problem .They propose a ranking approach for the answers for database queries In [5], researchers found that the problem for the graphical structured textual data is extracting best answer trees from a data graph. XML and HTML data can be characterized as graphs by using entities as nodes and relationships as edges. To achieve this elasticity, they create a novel search frontier prioritization technique and this technique is centered on spreading activation. In [6], it proposed a new approach semantic search engine which will answer the intelligent queries and also more efficiently and accurately. They used XML Meta tags to search the information. The XML page contains built in and user defined tags. The proposed approach proves that it takes less time to answer the queries. Using W3C compliant tools helps the system to work on any platform In [7] it evaluates search performance of various search engine by allowing each query to run in keyword based search engine as well as semantic based search engine. For both keyword-based search engines and the semantic based search engine semantic search engine performance was low In [8] it presented a generic approach for mapping queries in a user language into an expressive logical language and also presented a particular instantiation of our generic approach which translates keyword queries into DL conjunctive queries using knowledge available in the KB In [9], Semantic knowledge has repeatedly been engaged to apply relational database reliability. It also proposals the chance to convert a query into a semantically equivalent query which is more efficient .This paper explains a meaning based transformation technique that uses constraints and semantic integrity to reduce the cost of query processing In [10], In this paper, a survey is done on the web search engine that are developed by different authors and they confirmed that no search engine gives answer properly and seamlessly modern means up-to-date In [11], This paper, a survey done about the semantic based search engine to extract the gifted features of various semantic search engine and also it says about the explanation of some of the better semantic search engine In [12], In this paper, a survey is done on the approaches and features of some of the semantic search engines and they give a detail about the various advantages and techniques of some of the best semantic search engine .And the difference between the semantic search engines and traditional search In [13],the paper says that retrieving relevant information by the search engine is tough. To solve the above problem the semantic search engine plays a vital role in computer system. A survey is done on the generations of search engines and advantages, features of the various search engines and also survey is done on the role in web In [14], Traditional search engine does not provide the relevant information because it does not know the meaning but the semantic search engine are meaning based search engine and it can overcome the above problem. This paper gives a brief about the traditional search engine and keyword search engine In [15], the paper says that however a number of techniques have been implemented and proposed those all had a lack of standardization for system evaluation. This paper gives an empirical evaluation of the performance for the relational keyword search systems. They concluded with the results like many existing search technique is not giving a good performance and also discover the relationship between execution time and factors that mottled in earlier calculations 4. Methodology Fig 1: System Architecture The above Fig 1 says that when the user gives a particular query in the semantic search engine it will extract the relevant result and gives to the user. If the particular query is wrong the result is not going to show to the user .So the skyline sweep algorithm helps to give the relevant result even if the particular query is wrong by key combination process. In this various enhancements on resource in keyword search is introduce the Skyline sweep is the process of extension has been an active area of research throughout the past decade. Despite a significant number of research papers being published in this area, no research prototypes have transitioned from proof-of-concept implementations into deployed systems. The lack of technology transfer coupled with discrepancies among existing evaluations indicates a need for a thorough, independent empirical evaluation of proposed search techniques. Two data sets IMDb and Wikipedia contain the full text of articles, which emphasizes sophi sticated ranking schemes for results. Our data sets roughly span the range of data set sizes that have been used in other evaluations even though our IMDb and Wikipedia data sets are both subsets of original databases. Using a database subset likely overstates the efficiency and effectiveness of evaluated search techniques. A. USER INTERFACE To connect with server user must give their username and password then only they can able to connect the server. If the user already exits directly can login into the server else user must register their details such as username, password and Email id, into the server. Server will create the account for the entire user to maintain upload and download rate. Name will be set as user id. . Logging in is usually used to enter a specific page. Example: Create node and set name, port for that node. Nodes are created and displayed. B. ADMIN MODULE: Admin maintain the user information. And he can upload the file to search the user. The file uploaded completed then only the user can able to search the file what we are want. And then admin can check the user information. Suppose here one file is searched that related all information is stored into admin. Searching information mean when the user searched the file and timing everything stored in admin. Finally admin check what file we are uploaded. Example: Admin upload the files into database .And then check the uploaded files. C.  Query processing Query processing means what we are searching that is passed by query. Admin uploaded all files are stored in database. User search in database where is available the requested keyword. Suppose the requested file is available in database that is passed to user. Suppose the user give one keyword depends upon the keyword all related lines are displayed. In that line from user get what are the data we need. This file searching and execution details is stored in data base. When ever need this we can able to view this details. Example: User searches the Query (keyword) in database. User gets that query related output. D. Recommended module Recommended module meant suppose now we give any keyword wrongly that word automatically going to mapped correct keyword. And then displayed what are the keyword mapped related that word. Suppose we give any wrong keyword that related all correct word going to mapped and displayed. Here we used â€Å"Skyline sweep algorithm† for automatically checked that correct keyword. Example: The user gives the wrong query. Key combination Will give the correct output E. Top ranking File ranking can be viewed by the chart. Top rank meant most of the files viewed by user that is called top ranked. That files are come in first. After then only comes the user searching keyword. So now we can easily understand which files are mostly viewed by user. That ranking is displayed in chart. Example: User searches the keyword. The keyword already viewed by user, that keyword displayed in first. 6. Advantages Reduce Time consumption during retrieval. Efficient to search an data in various search engines. Easy to execute in realistic manner in proposed system 7. Conclusion and Future Work It is concluded that searching the internet today is a encounter and it is projected that approximately partial of the complex questions go unanswered .Semantic search has the power to enhance the traditional web search. Whether a search engine can meet all these conditions still remain a question .We proposed a framework using enhanced skyline sweep algorithm to overcome this problem. In which the process can be done by the favor a realistic query workload instead of a larger workload with queries that are unlikely to be representative in various resource that can being with experimental results do not reflect well on existing relational keyword search techniques. Runtime performance is unacceptable for most search techniques. Memory consumption is also excessive for many search techniques in our experimental results, question to the scalability and improvements claimed by previous evaluations so we will prefer the consumption on runtime of searching an data in upcoming technologies . 8. References [1] J. Coffman and A.C. Weaver, â€Å"An Empirical Performance Evaluation of Relational Keyword Search Systems,† Technical Report CS-2011-07, Univ. of Virginia, IEEE transaction on knowledge and data engineering, Vol. 26, No. 1,January 2014 [2] Jarunee Saelee, Veera Boonjing,† A metadata data search approach to keyword query in relational databases, International Journal of Computer Applications pp. 140-149, May 2013 [3] A. Baid, I. Rae, J. Li, A. Doan, and J. Naughton, â€Å"Toward Scalable Keyword Search over Relational Data,† University of Wisconsin, Madison fbaid, ian, jxli, anhai, [emailprotected] [4] F. Surajit Chaudhuri, Gautam Das, â€Å"Probabilistic Ranking of Database Query Results,† Microsoft Research One Microsoft Way Redmond, WA 98053 USA {surajitc, gautamd}@microsoft.com [5] V. Kacholia, S. Pandit, S. Chakrabarti, S. Sudarshan, R. Desai, and H. Karambelkar, â€Å"Bidirectional Expansion for Keyword Search on Graph Databases,† Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay [emailprotected] [emailprotected] {Soumen, Sudarsha, hrishi}@cse.iitb.ac.in [emailprotected] [6] Ritu Khatri, Kanwalvir Singh Dhindsa, Vishal Khatri â€Å"Investigation and Approach Of New Analysis Of Intelligent Semantic Web Search Engine† International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE) ISSN: 2277-3878, Volume-1, Issue-1, April 2012 [7] Duygu Tà ¼mer, Mohammad Ahmed Shah, YÄ ±ltan Bitirim â€Å"An Empirical Evaluation on Semantic Search Performance of Keyword-Based and Semantic Search Engines: Google, Yahoo, Msn and Hakia† Fourth International Conference on Internet Monitoring and Protection, 2009 [8] Thanh Tran, Philipp Cimiano, Sebastian Rudolph and Rudi Studer â€Å"Ontology-based Interpretation of Keywords for Semantic Search† Institute AIFB, University à ¤t Karlsruhe, Germany [9] W. David Haseman, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, [emailprotected] Tung-Ching Lin, Nationa Sun Yat-Sen University, Taiwan, [emailprotected] Derek L. Nazareth, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, [emailprotected] â€Å"An Intelligent Approach to Semantic Query Processing† [10] S. Latha Shanmuga Vadivu1, M. Rajaram2, and S. N. Sivanandam3 â€Å"A Survey on Semantic Web Mining Based Web Search Engines†ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences VOL. 6, NO. 10, OCTOBER 2011 [11] Anusree.ramachandran, R.Sujatha School of Information Technology and Engineering, VIT University† Semantic search engine: A survey† Int. J. Comp. Tech. Appl., Vol 2 (6), 1806-1811 [12] G .Sudeepthi1 , G. Anuradha ,Prof. M.Surendra Prasad Babu â€Å"A Survey on Semantic Web Search Engine† IJCSI International Journal of Computer Science Issues, Vol. 9, Issue 2, No 1, March 2012 [13] G.Madhu1 and Dr.A.Govardhan2 Dr.T.V.Rajinikanth3 â€Å"Intelligent Semantic Web Search Engines: A Brief Survey† International journal of Web Semantic Technology (IJWesT) Vol.2, No.1, January 2011 [14] Junaidah Mohamed Kassim and Mahathir Rahmany Introduction to Semantic Search Engine 2009 International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Informatics5-7 August 2009, Selangor, Malaysia [15] Joel Coffman, Alfred C. Weaver â€Å"An Empirical Performance Evaluation of Relational Keyword Search Systems† Department of Computer Science, University of Virginia Charlottesville, VA, USA

Plight of the Code Hero in the Works of Ernest Hemingway Essay

The Plight of the Code Hero in the Works of Ernest Hemingway      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In his novels Ernest Hemingway suggests a code of behavior for his characters to follow: one that demands courage in difficult situations, strength in the face of adversity, and grace under pressure.   Termed the "code hero," this character is driven by the principal ideals of honor, courage, and endurance in a life of stress, misfortune, and pain.   Despite the hero's fight against life in this violent and disorderly world, he is rarely the victor.   The code that the hero follows demands that he act honorably in this uphill battle and find fulfillment by becoming a man and proving his worth.   Hemingway himself lived his life trying to show how strong and unlimited he was, a trait reflected in his novels as his heroes struggle through.   They are all martyrs to their cause, suffering but triumphantly ending their lives because they do not falter and show no weakness.   Destroyed, they are nevertheless winners because they do not give in.   "Su ccess is that old ABC -- ability, breaks, and courage" (Luckman n. pag.).      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hemingway's heroes succeed precisely because of these characteristics.   Hemingway's heroes are not Marvel Heroes; they do not leap over tall buildings in a single bound, nor do they shoot spider webbing from their hands.   They traverse life and endure the pain dealt them, surviving with a moral and spiritual, but not material, victory.   They are not flat cardboard characters but real people who are heroes because they overcome a problem, not because they have a special ability.   The key trait that they have is the retention of their dignity.   The code heroes in TheOld Man and the Sea, The Sun Also Rises, and For Whom the B... .... _____.   The Old Man and the Sea.   USA: Scribners, 1952. _____. "Quotations Organized by Topic," <http://www.quoteland.com/quotes/topic/147.html> (18 May 1999). _____.   The Sun Also Rises.   USA: Scribners, 1926. Lord Byron. "Quotations Organized by Topic," <http://www.quoteland.com/quotes/topic/147.html> (18 May 1999). Luckman, Charles. "Quotations Organized by Topic," <http://www.quoteland.com/quotes/topic/147.html> (18 May 1999). McConnell, Frank.   The Modern Novel in America, Regnery, revised edition,1963, pg. 814.   Rpt. In World Literature Criticism.   Detroit: Gale Research, 1992. "Oscar Wilde." http://www.cp-tel.net/miller/BilLee/quotes/Wilde.html (18 May 1999). Shalizi, Cosma. "For Whom the Bell Tolls," <http://www.physics.wisc.edu/~shalizi/Poetry/Donne/For_whom_the_Bell_Tolls>   (1 May 1999).

Contrast of Carrefour and Wal-Mart Essay

Since the American entrepreneur, Clarence Saunders, opens his first Piggly Wiggly store in Memphis, Tennessee, in 1916, the concept of self-service store has swept the globe. With the largest population in the world, China is expected to be the world’s biggest retail market which is now already the world’s fastest-growing market. ( Anon, 2011:1) As the world’s first and second largest retail groups, Carrefour and Wal-Mart are one their way piling in. However, with 5000 years of traditional history and 30 years of planned economy, china has already formed its own market tradition. Though, the two giants both need to face the special Chinese market, in some aspects, they use different strategies and have different market feedback. This essay will illustrate the similar strategies the two retail groups have been using and also analyze the ways they use to adapt to the Chinese market differently. To begin with, for opening the Chinese market, Carrefour and Wal-Mart both choose to cooperate with the local commercial. $1 billion was given to Wal-Mart’s 100 hypermarkets’ supply chain, ranging from food to electronics (Shu-Ching, 2010, P. 1). Similarly, Carrefour also tried to adapt to local conditions, i. . cooperate with Lianhua Supermarket Company in Shanghai. The reasons why they cooperate with local partners is not just because of the legal considerations, but also to have a deep understanding of the difficult and complex Chinese market (Peter, 2006, P. 6). Nevertheless, they use different strategies according to different company development plan. Wal-Mart focuses more on the long term partnership nationally or even internationally. Considering the different regional culture and local policy, Carrefour changes partnerships by local markets (Peter, 2006, P. ). Furthermore, Carrefour adopts different strategy throughout all its global market, focusing on locally sourced products, as well as its local management teams, which are almost comprised of domestic employees to be more familiar with the local tastes. Also, on purchasing larger market shares, expansion strategy is common used by the two retail market giants. Since Carrefour opened its first store in china in 1995, it has already operated 73 hypermarkets in 29 cities which makes about $2 billion profit (Peter, 2006, P. ). Likely, 338 shops in 124 cities makes Wal-Mart $7 billion annually which is just a little bit lower than whole Carrefour shops’ profit (Anon, 2011, P. 2). Moreover, they both regard second- and third-tier cities as a good growth opportunity, and have already built shops in western cities which are not so developed. Even though, they perform different strategies in expanding their market. Firstly, Wal-Mart aims at making central distribution center, while local distributors are more considered by Carrefour. Secondly, hypermarkets often constitute larger shopping and entertainment complexes, therefore, a large amount of Carrefour stores are built at the city center for customers to go by foot or by bike. Comparing to this, edge-of-town is where Wal-Mart outlets often located, where customers can have large parking facilities or even shuttle bus provided (Moreau, 2008, P. 1). Last but not the least, Carrefour builds its stores based on the organic expansion primarily. By contrast, Wal-Mart combines organic growth with large-scale acquisitions, which leads to its Chinese revenues doubled. Lastly, to perform well in Chinese tradition market, Carrefour and Wal-Mart both have their changes in shops and marketing. On the one hand, for saving a million yuan in electricity and water costs, two retail chains’ common aim is to achieving â€Å"zero-carbon† stores by next year, which forces them to open a range of new energy saving stores in China, such as using waste gas to heat water and fluorescent lights, making use of natural lighting and integrating energy-saving technologies (Anon, 2009). On the other hand, to discover new growth areas in retail profit, selling medicine has been put on the agenda. The two giants have already been in close contract with the Ministry of Commerce on the medicine retail business and affirming that world’s largest retailer’s distribution network will be covered by medicine sales (Anon, 2005). Although there are a lot of similar strategies in market development, the two retail groups also have their different development focus. In the first place, Wal-Mart awards its employees based on profit-sharing stock, which will improve employees’ skills, trust and constant work, while Carrefour focus more on salaries. In addition, Carrefour adopted a multi-format strategy, i. e. open smaller outlets in the discount format to create another profit growth, while Wal-Mart develops its presence in the hypermarkets format exclusively (Moreau, 2008, P. 3). In details, proved to be a dynamic format competing against hypermarkets operators, department stores get a CAGR increase of 9%, 2002-2007. Therefore, department stores sales continue to be boosted by the expansion period decided by Carrefour (Moreau, 2008, P. 2).

Coin and Paper Money Will Soon Be Replaced

Coins & Paper money will soon be replaced by Credit Cards. It is a fact that we live in a corrupt society. We hear a lot of robberies everyday. People are afraid to bring home money from the bank. These robberies are not only taking place at homes, but also there are pick pockets who rob people while traveling. People are frightened to take money with them for shopping. They face a lot of problems whenever they need to buy some expensive things. It is a common fact that new inventions take place in every generation according to the comfort of people.So atlast to solve people's problems in carrying money with them, banks with the help of Government introduced Credit cards and other bank cards. These cards are very useful in a way as people don't have to carry coins & paper money with them. They can pay their bills with the help of these credit cards. These credit cards are used in such a way that when one uses the card, the bank pays the amount on his behalf. Then one has to pay this amount from his bank account on phone or he can use bank checks as well as cash money. This is all upto him.Also if people don't have money at the time, they can delay their payment for the time being. The bank will pay it on your behalf & you can give this money back in easy installments or you can pay it back atonce whenever you have it. So due to all these benefits Credit Cards are becoming more and more common these days. So we can say that a time will come when we will see no coins and paper money. They will be replaced by Credit Cards. Eventually we will have a cashless society which will be safer and more convenient for everyone.